9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World Flashcards
These 30 cards train you on how global institutions shaped governance after 1900. You will review key organizations, compare their authority and limits, and practice AP reasoning about causation, continuity/change, and significance in a globalized system.
What you'll master
- Core functions of the UN, IMF, World Bank, WTO, WHO, and ICC.
- Differences among treaty institutions, regional blocs, and NGOs.
- How institutions can coordinate policy yet reflect unequal power.
- How sovereignty can be protected and constrained at the same time.
- Major critiques tied to debt, trade, rights, and representation.
- AP writing moves: thesis, contextualization, and evidence reasoning.
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Topic Intro
As globalization accelerated after 1900, states and non-state actors created institutions to manage shared risks and opportunities. The United Nations, IMF, World Bank, and WTO became central to diplomacy, finance, development, and trade. At the same time, NGOs and regional organizations pushed new agendas on rights, public health, and environmental policy. Institutions made global exchange more rule-based, but they also made power differences more visible through voting systems, financing influence, and enforcement asymmetry.
That dual pattern is the heart of Topic 9.8. Institutions often reduced instability and enabled cooperation, yet they could also deepen inequality or spark resistance when policies were seen as externally imposed. Newly independent states, social movements, and reform coalitions challenged governance structures they viewed as unfair. Understanding this tension helps explain why globalization is both integrative and contested.
Why it matters
Unit 9 asks you to explain globalization as a political process, not just a technological one. Institutions are the mechanism linking global interdependence to real policy outcomes.
Exam move
For AP writing, identify one institution, cite a specific policy outcome, then explain a reasoning pattern such as cause/effect or continuity/change. Avoid acronym lists without analysis.
FAQs
What is the clearest difference between the IMF and the World Bank?
The IMF focuses on short-term financial stability and currency crises, while the World Bank mainly funds long-term development and infrastructure projects.
Why did GATT become the WTO in 1995?
GATT handled tariff negotiations, but the WTO added stronger dispute settlement and broader rule coverage, including services and intellectual property.
Are NGOs the same as intergovernmental organizations?
No. IGOs are treaty-based state organizations, while NGOs are non-state actors that influence policy through advocacy, data, aid work, and public pressure.
How did decolonization shape global institutions?
Newly independent states expanded membership, challenged unequal governance structures, and pushed institutions to address sovereignty, development, and postcolonial justice.
What is the best AP exam strategy for Topic 9.8?
Use one institution as precise evidence, connect it to a wider global trend, and explain historical reasoning instead of listing organizations.